DCA vs Lump Sum
If you have a sum of money, should you invest it all at once or spread it out monthly? Under a fixed-return assumption, lump sum almost always wins mathematically because the full amount compounds for longer. But market volatility and psychology matter too.
Vanguard's 2012 research: in ~67% of historical periods, lump sum outperformed dollar-cost averaging. But DCA's psychological advantage (easier to stick with during downturns) is real. A balanced approach: invest 50–70% upfront, spread the rest over 6–12 months.